Nuclear chemistry

	symbol		charge	mass number	mass ($\mathrm{u}$)
alpha particles	$\alpha$, $\alpha {}^{2+}$	$\mathrm{He}{}^{2+}$, ${}_2^4\mathrm{He}{}^{2+}$	$2+$	4	$\approx 4.0015$
beta particle	$\beta$, ${}_{}^{}{}_{-1}^0\beta$,	${}_{}^{}{}_{-1}^0\mathrm{e}$	$1-$	0	$1m_{\mathrm{e}}$
positron (or antielectron)	$\beta {}^{+}$, ${}_{}^{}{}_{+1}^0\beta$	$\mathrm{e}{}^{+}$, ${}_{}^{}{}_{+1}^0\mathrm{e}$	$1+$	0	$1m_{\mathrm{e}}$
gamma	$\gamma$	${}_{}^{}{}_0^0\gamma$	$0$	0	0

• radioactivity

• radioactive decay (or nuclear decay, or radioactivity) (דעיכה רדיואקטיבית)

• nuclear reaction

• radioactive

• radiation

  • types:
    • electromagnetic radiation (EMR) (or electromagnetic wave (EMW))
      • gamma radiation (or gamma ray)
        • gamma decay
      • X-ray
      • UV, visible light, etc…
    • particle radiation
      • alpha radiation (or alpha rays)
        • alpha decay (or α-decay) ${}_{}^{}{}_{\mathrm{Z}}^{\mathrm{A}}\mathrm{X}\to {}_{}^{}{}_{\mathrm{Z}-2}^{\mathrm{A}-4}\mathrm{Y}+{}_{}^{}{}_2^4\mathrm{He}$
      • beta radiation (or beta ray)
        • beta decay (or β-decay) ${}_{}^{}{}_{\mathrm{Z}}^{\mathrm{A}}\mathrm{X}\to {}_{}^{}{}_{\mathrm{Z}+1}^{\mathrm{A}}\mathrm{Y}+\mathrm{e}{}^{-}+\bar{\nu }{}_e$
        • positron emission (or beta plus decay, β+ decay) ${}_{}^{}{}_{\mathrm{Z}}^{\mathrm{A}}\mathrm{X}\to {}_{}^{}{}_{\mathrm{Z}-1}^{\mathrm{A}}\mathrm{Y}+\mathrm{e}{}^{+}+\nu {}_e$
      • proton radiation
      • neutron radiation ${}_{}^{}{}_{\mathrm{Z}}^{\mathrm{A}}\mathrm{X}\to {}_{}^{}{}_{\mathrm{Z}}^{\mathrm{A}-1}\mathrm{Y}+{}_{}^{}{}_0^1\mathrm{n}$
    • acoustic radiation
    • gravitational radiation
  • ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation

• radioisotope

• nuclear binding energy (אנרגיית הקשר הגרעינית)

• half-life ($t_{1/2}$), where:

  • $N(t)=N_0{e}^{-\lambda t}$ is an exponential decay function, where $\lambda$ is the decay constant. It gives the amount remaining after time $t$.
  • $t_{1/2}=\frac{\ln (2)}{\lambda }$ is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value.
  • $N(n{t}_{1/2})=N_0(1/2{)}^n$ is the amount after $n$ half-lives.
    • $\frac{1}{2}$ is the decay factor per half-life.

• $\frac{dN}{dt}=-\lambda N$

• nuclear power (אנרגיה גרעינית)

• nuclear fission (ביקוע גרעיני)

  • ${}_{}^{}{}_0^1\mathrm{n}+{}_{}^{}{}_{92}^{235}\mathrm{U}\to {}_{}^{}{}_{92}^{236}\mathrm{U}\to {}_{}^{}{}_{36}^{92}\mathrm{Kr}+{}_{}^{}{}_{56}^{141}\mathrm{Ba}+3{}_{}^{}{}_0^1\mathrm{n}+\mathrm{energy}$

• nuclear reactor (כור גרעיני)

  • breeder reactor (כור תרבית, כור דוגר)

• nuclear chain reaction (תגובת שרשרת גרעינית)

• nuclear fusion (היתוך גרעיני)

  • ${}_{}^{}{}_1^2\mathrm{H}+{}_{}^{}{}_1^3\mathrm{H}\to {}_{}^{}{}_2^4\mathrm{H}+{}_{}^{}{}_0^1\mathrm{n}+\mathrm{energy}$

• nuclear medicine (or nuclear radiology) (רפואה גרעינית)

• medical imaging

• induced radioactivity (or artificial radioactivity)

• activity (or total activity) ($A$)

  • SI unit: $\mathrm{B}$
  • other units: $\mathrm{Cu}$
  • specific activity ($a$)
    • SI unit: $B/kg$

• radiation exposure ($X$)

  • SI unit: $C/kg$
  • other units: $\mathrm{R}$

• absorbed dose ($D$)

  • absorbed dose of ionizing radiation
  • SI unit: $\mathrm{Gy}$
  • other units: $\mathrm{rad}$

• equivalent dose ($H$) and effective dose ($E$)

  • SI unit: $\mathrm{Sv}$
  • other units: $\mathrm{rem}$

• becquerel ($\mathrm{B}$) (בקרל) ($1\mathrm{B}=1{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$) an activity of one per second on average

• curie ($\mathrm{Cu}$), $1\mathrm{Cu}=3.7\times 10^{10}\mathrm{B}$

• gray ($\mathrm{Gy}$), $1\mathrm{Gy}=1\mathrm{J}\cdot \mathrm{k}{\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$

• rad ($\mathrm{rad}$), $1\mathrm{rad}=0.01\mathrm{Gy}$

• röntgen (or roentgen) ($\mathrm{R}$), $1\mathrm{R}=2.58\times 10^{-4}C/kg$

• roentgen equivalent man (rem), $1\mathrm{rem}=10^{-2}\mathrm{Sv}$

• sievert ($\mathrm{Sv}$), $1\mathrm{Sv}=1{\mathrm{m}}^2\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-2}$

• median lethal dose (${\text{LD}}_{50}$)

  • “the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration” (Wikipedia)
  • $\approx 500\mathrm{rem}$