• substance

• matter

  • pure substance
    • element
    • compound
  • mixture

• chemical composition

• chemical species (צוּרון)

• chemical property

  • ”observed as the matter is converted to a new substance” (Denniston, 2022)
  • “The ability of a substance to participate in a chemical reaction” (Jones, 2016)
  • “A property that a substance can display only through changing its composition” (Tro, 2023)
  • “characteristic that indicates the ability of a substance to form another substance” (Timberlake, 2017)
  • examples:
    • flammability
    • combustibility
    • pH
    • acid strength
    • reactivity
    • toxicity
    • todo
      • paper can burn
      • iron can rust
      • silver can tarnish

• physical property

  • ”observed without changing the composition of the matter” (Denniston, 2022)
  • “a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance” (Jones, 2016)
  • examples:
    • density
    • temperature
    • melting point
    • boiling point
    • heat capacity
    • solubility
    • viscosity
    • volatility
    • surface tension
    • irradiance
    • concentration

• material property

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_materials_properties

• chemical reaction

  • ”a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another” (Wikipedia)
  • “A chemical change in which one substance responds to the presence of another, to a change of temperature, or to some other influence.” (Jones, 2016)
  • chemical change
    • ”The term chemical reaction is synonymous with chemical change.” (Denniston, 2022)

• intensive property (or intensive quantity)

  • “a property that does not depend on the quantity of matter” (Denniston, 2022)

• extensive property (or extensive quantity)

  • “a property that does depend on the quantity of matter” (Denniston, 2022)

References

• Denniston (2022). General, Organic, and Biochemistry. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Jones, Loretta (2016). Chemical Principles. W. H. Freeman.
• Tro, Nivaldo J. (2023). Introductory Chemistry, Global Edition. Pearson Education, Limited.
• Timberlake, Karen C. (2017). Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry. Pearson.