state of matter

(source: commons.wikimedia.org)

• state of matter (or phase of matter)

  • gaseous state
  • liquid state
    • liquid (n. and adj.) (נוזלי, נוזל)
  • soild state

• phase transition (or phase change) (מעבר פאזה)

  • melting (התכה, היתוך, (המסה))
  • condensation (התעבות)
  • vaporization
    • evaporation (התאיידות, התאדות, אידוי)
    • boiling (or ebullition) (הרתחה)
  • sublimation (המראה, סובלימציה)
  • freezing (הקפאה, התמצקות)

• melting point (or liquefaction point) (נקודת התכה, נקודת היתוך)

• freezing point (or crystallization point) (נקודת קיפאון)

• boiling point (נקודת רתיחה)

  • “the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor” (Wikipedia)
    • the temperture $T_{\text{b}}$ such that $P_{\text{vap}}(T_{\text{b}})=P_{\text{ext}}$
  • stronger intermolecular forces require more energy (higher temperature) to overcome, resulting in higher boiling points
  • normal boiling point (or atmospheric boiling point)
  • standard boiling point

• volatility (נדיפות)

  • weak IMFs → high volatility (evaporates easily) → low boiling point
  • strong IMFs → low volatility (evaporates slowly) → high boiling point
  • higher vapor pressure ↔ higher volatility

• compressibility (or coefficient of compressibility) (דחיסות)

• viscosity (צְמִיגוּת)

• surface tension (מתח פנים)

• surfactant (חומרים פעילי שטח)