Adiel's Notes

Wireless communication

  • wireless communication (or just wireless)

  • radio frequency (RF)

  • RF currents

  • radio waves

  • The radio spectrum

    • A radio band
      • The ISM radio bands
        • 2.4 GHz–2.5 GHz
        • 5.725 GHz–5.875 GHz
        • 24 GHz–24.25 GHz
        • and more…
      • (ITU)
        • …
        • (9) ultra high frequency (UHF) 300 MHz–3 GHz
        • (10) super high frequency (SHF) 3 GHz–30 GHz
        • (11) extremely high frequency (SHF) 30 GHz–300 GHz
          • (millimeter waves)
        • …
      • (IEEE)
        • …
        • ultra high frequency (UHF) 300 MHz–1 GHz
        • …
      • microwave 300 MHz–300 GHz
    • band plan (or frequency plan)

  • spectral band

    • frequency band

  • multipath propagation

    • multipath interference (or multipath distortion)

  • base station (or base radio station, BS)

spread spectrum

  • spread spectrum
    • frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
    • direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
  • Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA)

wireless network

  • wireless network

    • types:
      • wireless LAN (WLAN)
      • wireless personal area network (WPAN)
      • wireless wide area network (WWAN)
      • wireless ad hoc network (WANET)
    • difficulties:
      • The hidden node problem (or hidden terminal problem)
      • The exposed node problem
    • wireless mesh network (WMN)

  • near-field communication (NFC)

  • multiple access with collision avoidance (MACA)

    • RTS (request to send)
    • CTS (clear to send)

  • backhaul

Wi-Fi

(source: commons.wikimedia.org)

  • Wi-Fi

  • IEEE 802.11

  • station (STA) (sometimes also wireless client or node)

    • mobile station: “A type of STA that uses network communications while in motion.” (802.11-2020)
    • portable station: “A type of station (STA) that might be moved from location to location, but that uses network communications only while at a fixed location.” (802.11-2020)
    • fixed station: “A STA that is physically attached to a specific location. In licensed bands, a fixed STA might be authorized to operate only at a specific location.” (802.11-2020)

  • service set

    • identifier: service set identifier (SSID) - “A string used to identify the infrastructure basic service sets (BSSs) that comprise an extended service set (ESS), or to identify a non-infrastructure BSS.” (802.11-2020)
    • subgroups:
      • basic service set (BSS)
        • identifier: basic service set identifier (BSSID)
        • types:
          • infrastructure BSS
            • wireless access point (WAP) (also just access point (AP)) - “An entity that contains one station (STA) and provides access to the distribution system services, via the wireless medium (WM) for associated STAs.” (802.11-2020)
              • basic service area (BSA)
          • independent BSS (IBSS) (or ad hoc network)
          • mesh basic service set (MBSS)

      • extended service set (ESS)

  • distribution system (DS)

    • “A system used to interconnect a set of basic service sets (BSSs) and integrated local area networks (LANs) to create an extended service set (ESS).” (802.11-2020)

  • (data-link layer)

    • (LLC sublayer)
    • (MAC sublayer)
      • distributed coordination function (DCF)
        • request to send (RTS)
        • clear to send (CTS)
        • short interframe space (SIFS)
        • distributed interframe space (DIFS)
        • network allocation vector (NAV)
      • point coordination function (PCF)
        • for infrastructure BSS (but not for IBSS)
        • beacon frame
        • PCF interframe space (PIFS)

  • (physical layer)

  • active scanning (for first joining to the network or in handoff)

    • probe request frame broadcast from the station
    • all APs within radio range respond with probe response frames describing: SSID, supported data rates, other capabilities
    • the station selects one AP and sends it an association request
    • the AP accepts or rejects the association

  • passive scanning

    • APs periodically broadcast beacon frames
    • the station listens for beacon frames.
    • upon finding a suitable AP, it directly sends an association request.

  • Wi-Fi Direct

  • hotspot

cellular network

(source: commons.wikimedia.org)

  • cellular network (or mobile network)

  • Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO)

  • handover (or handoff)

    • “Changing to a new channel as a mobile device moves from one cell to another” (Forouzan, 2012)

  • roaming

  • Access Point Name (APN)

  • mobile switching center (MSC)

    • gateway MSC (G-MSC)

  • base station controller (BSC)

  • A base transceiver station (BTS) or (a baseband unit (BBU))

  • Radio Network Controller (RNC)

  • Serving GPRS support node (SGSN)

  • Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)

  • international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)

3GPP

  • Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
    • FDMA
  • Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
    • Primary GSM (P-GSM)
      • circuit switching for voice
      • FDMA + TDMA combination
      • 124 frequency channels (1–124)
        • 8 time slots per carrier
      • uplink: 890.0–915.0 MHz
      • downlink: 935.0–960.0 MHz
  • Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
    • HSPA (HSDPA, HSUPA)
    • HSPA+ (DC-HSDPA)
  • long-term evolution (LTE) (or 3.95G or 4G LTE or Advanced 4G)
    • (Release 8, Release 9)
    • System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
      • (source: commons.wikimedia.org)
      • Evolved Packet Core (EPC) (or SAE Core)
        • mobility management entity (MME)
        • packet data network (PDN)
          • PDN Gateway (or PGW)
        • serving gateway (SGW)
        • home subscriber server (HSS)
      • radio access network (RAN)
        • evolved NodeB (or eNodeB or eNB) - a base station in LTE
      • user equipment (UE)
  • LTE Advanced (or LTE+, LTE-A or 4G+)
    • (Release 10, Release 11, Release 12)
  • LTE Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro, or 4.5G, 4.5G Pro, 4.9G, Pre-5G, 5G Project)****
    • (Release 13, Release 14)
  • 5G New Radio (5G NR)
    • (Release 15)
    • Frequency Range 1 (FR1)
      • 410 MHz–7,125 MHz
    • Frequency Range 2 (FR2)
      • 24,250 MHz–71,000 MHz
  • 5G-Advanced (aka 5.5G; Release 18)

Bluetooth

  • Bluetooth Special Interest Group (Bluetooth SIG)

  • 2.4-GHz ISM band

  • 79 channels (1 MHz each)

  • (for )

  • TDD

  • FHSS

    • 1600 hops/sec
    • master transmits in even-numbered slots
    • slave transmits in odd-numbered slots
    • packets may occupy 1, 3, or 5 slots

  • modulation: GFSK

  • basic rate (BR)

  • Enhanced Data Rate (EDR)

  • piconet

    • master (or primary)
    • slave (or secondary)
      • states: active or parked
    • 1 master
    • up to 7 active slaves
    • up to 255 slaves
    • all communication is master ↔ slave
    • slave ↔ slave communication is not allowed
    • only one slave communicates with the master at a given instant

  • profile

  • Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth LE, BLE)

    • channels: 40
    • bandwidth: 2 MHz
    • GFSK

References

  • Forouzan, B. A. (2012). Data Communications and networking. McGraw-Hill Education.