IP address
- subnet (or subnetwork)
- subnetting
- ”The use of a single IP network address to denote multiple physical networks. Routers within the subnetwork use a subnet mask to discover the physical network to which a packet should be forwarded. Subnetting effectively introduces a third level to the two-level hierarchical IP address”
- subnet mask (or netmask)
- subnetting
- IPv4 is limit to adresses
- Classful network
| Class | MSB | Network prefix length (bits) | Host identifier length (bits) | Address range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 0 | 8 | 24 | 0.0.0.0–127.255.255.255 |
| B | 10 | 16 | 16 | 128.0.0.0–191.255.255.255 |
| C | 110 | 24 | 8 | 192.0.0.0–223.255.255.255 |
| D (multicast) | 1110 | — | — | 224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255 |
| E (reserved) | 1111 | — | — | 240.0.0.0–255.255.255.255 |
- Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
- Network block
- Network Address or Network ID
- private IPv4 address
- 10.0.0.0/8
- 172.16.0.0/12
- 192.168.0.0/16
- network address translation (NAT)
-
table:
-
ARP
- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
- “used to translate high-level protocol addresses into physical hardware addresses” (Peterson, 2020)
- ARP cache (or ARP table)
DHCP
-
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
-
DORA
- Discover
- Offer
- Request
- ACK
DHCP Relay
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
- Defines a collection of error messages that are sent back to the source host whenever a router or host is unable to process an IP datagram successfully • Destination host unreachable due to link /node failure • Reassembly process failed • TTL had reached 0 • IP header checksum failed
- ICMP-Redirect
virtual networks
- virtual private network (VPN)
- virutal circuit
- tunnels
References
- Peterson, Larry L. (2020). Computer Networks. Elsevier Science & Technology.