Carbohydrate

carbohydrate (פחמימה, פחמימות)
- sugars (סוכרים)
  - monosaccharides (or simple sugars) (חד-סוכרים, סוכרים פשוטים)
    - glucose (Glc) (גְּלוּקוֹז, גלוקוזה, דֶּקְסְטְרוֹז, סוכר ענבים)
    - galactose (גָלַקְטוֹז)
    - fructose (פְרוּקְטוֹז, סוכר פירות)
    - xylose
    - ribose (ריבּוֹז)
  - disaccharides (or double sugar, biose) (דו-סוכרים)
    - sucrose (סוּכְּרוֹז)
    - lactose (לַקְטוֹז, סוכר חלב)
    - maltose (or maltobiose, malt sugar) (מלטוז, סֻכַּר לֶתֶת)
    - isomaltulose
    - trehalose
  - polyols
    - sorbitol
    - mannitol
- oligosaccharide (אוליגוסכרידים)
  - malto-oligosaccharides
  - other oligosaccharides
- polysaccharides (רב-סוכרים)
  - starch (or amylum) (עמילן)
    - amylose
    - amylopectin
  - non-starch polysaccharides
    - glycogen (גְּלִיקוֹגֵן)
    - cellulose (תָּאִית, צֵלוּלוֹזָה)
    - hemicellulose
    - pectins
    - hydrocolloids
    - chitin (כִּיטִין)

Lipids

lipid
- fatty acid (חומצת שומן)
- fat (שומן)
  - saturated fat
  - unsaturated fat
- steroid
- glycerides
  - monoglycerides
  - diglyceride
  - triglyceride
- phospholipid

saturated fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acid
- by number of double bonds:
  - monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
  - polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
- by geometry of the double bond:
  - cis fatty acid
  - trans fatty acid
- omega:
  - omega-3
  - omega-6
  - omega-9

protein (חלבון)
amino acids (חומצות אמינו)
peptide bond
peptide
- polypeptide
protein structure
- primary structure
- secondary structure
- tertiary structure
- quaternary structure
protein folding (קיפול חלבונים)

nucleic acids (חומצות גרעין)
- composed of nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds
- examples: DNA, RNA
nucleic acid structure
- primary structure: nucleic acid sequence
  - intron
  - exon
- nucleic acid secondary structure
- nucleic acid tertiary structure
- nucleic acid quaternary structure
phosphodiester bond
5′ end
3′ end