Biochemistry

• biochemistry (or biological chemistry)

• biomolecule or biological molecule

• enzyme (אֶנְזִים, תַּסָּס)

  • active site (אתר פעיל)
  • substrate (מוּסָב, מַצָּע, סוּבְּסְטְרָט)
  • induced-fit model
  • ”Lock and key” model
  • enzymes:
    • ATP synthase

• phosphorylation (זִרְחוּן)

• phosphate (זַרְחָה) $\mathrm{PO}{}_4{}^{3-}$

  • inorganic phosphate ${\mathrm{P}}_i$

• pyruvic acid – $\mathrm{CH}{}_3\mathrm{COCOOH}$ (or $\mathrm{C}{}_3\mathrm{H}{}_4\mathrm{O}{}_3$)

• pyruvate – $\mathrm{CH}{}_3\mathrm{COCOO}{}^{-}$ (or $\mathrm{C}{}_3\mathrm{H}{}_3\mathrm{O}{}_3{}^{-}$)

• denaturation (דֵּנָטוּרַצְיָה, צְמִיתָה)

  • renaturation (שיקום)

• native state (מבנה טבעי)

Cofactors

• cofactor (קוֹפַקְטוֹר)
  • inorganic cofactors: $\mathrm{Mg}{}^{2+},\mathrm{Zn}{}^{2+},\mathrm{Fe}{}^{2+}$
  • organic cofactors: coenzyme (קוֹאֶנְזִים)

Coenzymes

• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 

  • oxidized form:NAD+
  • reduced form: NADH

• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 

  • oxidized form: NADP+
  • reduced form: NADPH

• flavin adenine dinucleotide

  • oxidized form: FAD
  • reduced form: FADH2

• Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A)

• ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) $\mathrm{C}{}_{10}\mathrm{H}{}_{16}\mathrm{N}{}_5\mathrm{O}{}_{13}\mathrm{P}{}_3$

• ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) $\mathrm{C}{}_{10}\mathrm{H}{}_{15}\mathrm{N}{}_5\mathrm{O}{}_{10}\mathrm{P}{}_2$

• $\mathrm{ATP}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{ADP}+\mathrm{P}{}_{\mathrm{i}}$

• $\mathrm{ATP}+\mathrm{H}{}_2\mathrm{O}\to \mathrm{ADP}+\mathrm{P}{}_{\mathrm{i}}$

• heme (or haem)

• ascorbic acid

• biotin (vitamin B7)